Trade Diplomacy Amid the Dichotomy of the Civilisational and Liberal States | Ajay Kumar Mishra, Shraddha Rishi

Abstract

This paper explores why civilisational states exhibit cooperative values in trade and exchange. It highlights an irony where the decline of liberal states might have been expected to weaken trade ties, given that liberalism underpins the very concept of trade. Moreover, it discusses the need for market expansion, materialist interpretation of history, geo-economic complementarities, and trade strategies between civilisational states that drive trade relations among civilisational states.